Expressions in Apache HTTP Server

Grammar in Backus-Naur Form notation

Backus-Naur Form (BNF) is a notation technique for context-free grammars, often used to describe the syntax of languages used in computing. In most cases, expressions are used to express boolean values. For these, the starting point in the BNF is expr. However, a few directives like LogMessage accept expressions that evaluate to a string value. For those, the starting point in the BNF is string.

expr        ::= "true" | "false"
              | "!" expr
              | expr "&&" expr
              | expr "||" expr
              | "(" expr ")"
              | comp

comp        ::= stringcomp
              | integercomp
              | unaryop word
              | word binaryop word
              | word "in" "{" wordlist "}"
              | word "in" listfunction
              | word "=~" regex
              | word "!~" regex


stringcomp  ::= word "==" word
              | word "!=" word
              | word "<"  word
              | word "<=" word
              | word ">"  word
              | word ">=" word

integercomp ::= word "-eq" word | word "eq" word
              | word "-ne" word | word "ne" word
              | word "-lt" word | word "lt" word
              | word "-le" word | word "le" word
              | word "-gt" word | word "gt" word
              | word "-ge" word | word "ge" word

wordlist    ::= word
              | wordlist "," word

word        ::= word "." word
              | digit
              | "'" string "'"
              | """ string """
              | variable
              | rebackref
              | function

string      ::= stringpart
              | string stringpart

stringpart  ::= cstring
              | variable
              | rebackref

cstring     ::= ...
digit       ::= [0-9]+

variable    ::= "%{" varname "}"
              | "%{" funcname ":" funcargs "}"

rebackref   ::= "$" [0-9]

function     ::= funcname "(" word ")"

listfunction ::= listfuncname "(" word ")"

Variables

The expression parser provides a number of variables of the form %{HTTP_HOST}. Note that the value of a variable may depend on the phase of the request processing in which it is evaluated. For example, an expression used in an <If > directive is evaluated before authentication is done. Therefore, %{REMOTE_USER} will not be set in this case.

The following variables provide the values of the named HTTP request headers. The values of other headers can be obtained with the req function. Using these variables may cause the header name to be added to the Vary header of the HTTP response, except where otherwise noted for the directive accepting the expression. The req_novary function may be used to circumvent this behavior.

Other request related variables

Misc variables

Some modules register additional variables, see e.g. mod_ssl.

Binary operators

With the exception of some built-in comparison operators, binary operators have the form "-[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]+", i.e. a minus and at least two characters. The name is not case sensitive. Modules may register additional binary operators.

Comparison operators

Other binary operators

Unary operators

Unary operators take one argument and have the form "-[a-zA-Z]", i.e. a minus and one character. The name is case sensitive. Modules may register additional unary operators.

The operators marked as "restricted" are not available in some modules like mod_include.

Functions

Normal string-valued functions take one string as argument and return a string. Functions names are not case sensitive. Modules may register additional functions.

The functions marked as "restricted" are not available in some modules like mod_include.

When the functions req or http are used, the header name will automatically be added to the Vary header of the HTTP response, except where otherwise noted for the directive accepting the expression. The req_novary function can be used to prevent names from being added to the Vary header.

In addition to string-valued functions, there are also list-valued functions which take one string as argument and return a wordlist, i.e. a list of strings. The wordlist can be used with the special -in operator. Functions names are not case sensitive. Modules may register additional functions.

There are no built-in list-valued functions. mod_ssl provides PeerExtList. See the description of SSLRequire for details (but PeerExtList is also usable outside of SSLRequire).

Example expressions

The following examples show how expressions might be used to evaluate requests:

# Compare the host name to example.com and redirect to www.example.com if it matches
<If "%{HTTP_HOST} == 'example.com'">
    Redirect permanent / http://www.example.com/
</If>

# Force text/plain if requesting a file with the query string contains 'forcetext'
<If "%{QUERY_STRING} =~ /forcetext/">
    ForceType text/plain
</If>

# Only allow access to this content during business hours
<Directory "/foo/bar/business">
    Require expr %{TIME_HOUR} -gt 9 && %{TIME_HOUR} -lt 17
</Directory>

Other

Regular expression backreferences

The strings $0 ... $9 allow to reference the capture groups from a previously executed, successfully matching regular expressions. They can normally only be used in the same expression as the matching regex, but some modules allow special uses.

Comparison with SSLRequire

The ap_expr syntax is mostly a superset of the syntax of the deprecated SSLRequire directive. The differences are described in SSLRequire's documentation.

Version History

The req_novary function is available for versions 2.4.4 and later.